Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Suppressive interactions between nearby stimuli in visual cortex reflect crowding

doi: 10.1101/2024.10.07.616799

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) The number of hits (correct responses), errors, misses and false alarms as a function of target-flanker distance with standard error of the mean (SEM) from a total of 64 target events per condition. B) Average proportion correct in different target-flanker distances fitted with a Gaussian function. 90% of the asymptote indicated as the critical spacing. Median (red dotted line) and 95% confidence intervals (grey area) of the critical spacings based on 1000 bootstrapped means. C) Average response time in correct trials across participants. D) Grand-average amplitude spectrum obtained by Fourier transform separately for each condition collapsed across occipital electrodes (P04, P08, P6, CP6, P8, P03, P07, P5, CP5, P7 Oz, POz, O2, Iz and O1). Amplitudes peak at simulation frequencies 10, 12 and 15 Hz, however, these peaks are more pronounced when stimulus-specific electrodes are chosen. Topographic maps of SSVEP amplitudes for each stimulus at simulation frequencies averaged across all subjects and conditions (electrode positions chosen for analysis indicated with circles). E) Average normalized target-related amplitudes from five highest amplitude electrodes for each frequency separately, fitted identically to the behavioural data with critical spacing (black dotted line). Median (red dotted line) and 95% confidence intervals (grey area) of the critical spacings based on 1000 bootstrapped means.

Article Snippet: Electrophysiological data was recorded from 64 scalp electrodes mounted on an elastic cap and 6 additional electrodes (horizontal and vertical EOG and earlobes) using a BioSemi Active-Two amplifier system (BioSemi, Amsterdam, the Netherlands).

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Suppressive interactions between nearby stimuli in visual cortex reflect crowding

doi: 10.1101/2024.10.07.616799

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) The number of hits (correct responses), errors, misses and false alarms as a function of target-flanker distance with standard error of the mean (SEM) from a total of 48 target events per condition. B) The proportion correct as a function of target-flanker distance. C) Average response time in correct trials across participants. D) Grand-average amplitude spectrum obtained by Fourier transform separately for each condition collapsed across occipital electrodes (P04, P08, P6, CP6, P8, P03, P07, P5, CP5, P7 Oz, POz, O2, Iz and O1). Amplitudes peak at simulation frequencies 10, 12 and 15 Hz, however, these peaks are more pronounced when stimulus-specific electrodes are chosen. Topographic maps of SSVEP amplitudes for each stimulus at simulation frequencies averaged across all subjects and conditions (electrode positions chosen for analysis indicated with circles). E) Average normalized target-related amplitudes from five highest amplitude electrodes for each frequency separately. F) Flanker-elicited SSVEP amplitudes separately for central-occipital and lateral-occipital electrode positions in different target-flanker distances with SEM.

Article Snippet: Electrophysiological data was recorded from 64 scalp electrodes mounted on an elastic cap and 6 additional electrodes (horizontal and vertical EOG and earlobes) using a BioSemi Active-Two amplifier system (BioSemi, Amsterdam, the Netherlands).

Techniques:

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Resolution of Sensory Ambiguities for Gaze Stabilization Requires a Second Neural Integrator

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-28-09265.2003

Figure Lengend Snippet: Examples of eye movements and sensory stimuli. A-C, Torsional, vertical, and horizontal right eye velocities (Ėtor, Ėver, and Ėhor) are superimposed for several successful trials. Large deviations in eye velocity represent fast phases. Dashed gray traces represent the head roll velocity stimulus (Ḣroll) or the translational velocity of the sled (IȦtrans). Positive directions are leftward, downward, and clockwise (from the subjective viewpoint). Data are from animal A at a viewing distance of 20 cm. D, The translational acceleration of the sled (IÄtrans, black traces) is superimposed on the net IA acceleration (IÄ, gray traces; measured by a linear accelerometer mounted on the animal's head). E, The DV acceleration (DV̈; calculated from the angular head position and translational acceleration stimuli) also changes during roll.

Article Snippet: Small disconjugate vertical ( ) and conjugate horizontal responses ( , right) were also present during roll ( Seidman et al., 1995 ; Angelaki and Hess, 1996b ; Angelaki et al., 1999 ; Bergamin and Straumann, 2001 ; Jauregui-Renaud et al., 2001 ; Kori et al., 2001 ).

Techniques:

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Resolution of Sensory Ambiguities for Gaze Stabilization Requires a Second Neural Integrator

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-28-09265.2003

Figure Lengend Snippet: A, Proposed model for the VOR during rotations and translations. Circles are summing junctions used to represent particular cell populations including vestibular-only (VO) cells, VOR and VOT, that mediate signal flow in the RVOR and TVOR pathways, respectively, premotor eye movement-sensitive (EM) neurons, and motoneurons (Mn). Boxes are dynamic elements that represent either a sensor [C(s) and O(s)], the motor plant [P(s)] or a neural filtering process [NI1(s) = 1/(TVORs + 1), NI2(s) = 1/s]. The two filtering processes include the velocity storage integrator (low-pass filter with a long time constant, TVOR = 20 sec) and the oculomotor integrator (assumed for simplicity to be a perfect integrator). Inputs to the model are roll and yaw head velocities, Ḣroll and Ḣyaw, sensed by the vertical and horizontal semicircular canals, respectively, and IA acceleration, IÄ, sensed by the otolith organs. The output of the model is conjugate horizontal eye position, Ehor. Xs in the schematic indicate scaling by inverse viewing distance (i.e., multiplication by 1/VD). Model parameters have been adjusted for the upright orientation (in general, weights pvsh, pvsv, and d depend on head orientation relative to gravity) (Green et al., 2002). B, Comparison between model predictions and mean horizontal eye velocity responses from animal A for all stimulus combinations at a single viewing distance (20 cm). C, Predicted horizontal eye velocity responses when the contribution of semicircular canal signals to the TVOR is eliminated (i.e., projection weight d = 0). D, Comparison between simulated and mean horizontal eye velocity responses from animal A at all viewing distances during translation-roll tilt motion. Otolith (E) and semicircular (F) canal signal contributions to the responses of cell VOT (G) during the four stimulus combinations. The legend in B also applies to C and E-G. Dashed and dotted traces are superimposed in F. The simulated response to head roll in C (dashed trace) was inverted for display purposes. Model parameters used in all simulations are: c = 4; d = 1; pdh = 0.22; pdv = 0.0092; pvsh = 2.05; pvsv = 24.6; q = 0.0772; qz = 0.03.

Article Snippet: Small disconjugate vertical ( ) and conjugate horizontal responses ( , right) were also present during roll ( Seidman et al., 1995 ; Angelaki and Hess, 1996b ; Angelaki et al., 1999 ; Bergamin and Straumann, 2001 ; Jauregui-Renaud et al., 2001 ; Kori et al., 2001 ).

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Resolution of Sensory Ambiguities for Gaze Stabilization Requires a Second Neural Integrator

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-28-09265.2003

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of responses for different stimulus profiles. A-C, Mean ± SD horizontal eye velocities for a viewing distance of 20 cm in the three animals. Each column shows the responses of a different animal (i.e., animals A-C). Responses to rightward (top) and leftward (bottom) translations are superimposed on the bidirectional roll tilt stimuli (solid line, translation only; dash-dot line, translation + roll tilt; dotted line, translation - roll tilt; dashed gray line, leftward roll tilt; dashed black line rightward roll tilt). The solid gray lines illustrate the head velocity stimulus.

Article Snippet: Small disconjugate vertical ( ) and conjugate horizontal responses ( , right) were also present during roll ( Seidman et al., 1995 ; Angelaki and Hess, 1996b ; Angelaki et al., 1999 ; Bergamin and Straumann, 2001 ; Jauregui-Renaud et al., 2001 ; Kori et al., 2001 ).

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Resolution of Sensory Ambiguities for Gaze Stabilization Requires a Second Neural Integrator

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-28-09265.2003

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dependence of horizontal eye velocity on viewing distance. Mean ± SD torsional (Ėtor, top) and horizontal (Ėhor, middle) eye velocities for each of the stimulus combinations at different target distances (dotted line, 40 cm; dash-dot line, 30 cm; dashed line, 20 cm; solid line, 15 cm). Only rightward translation and right-ear-down roll tilt (for roll tilt only stimulus) profiles are shown. The bottom row shows corresponding mean ± SD vergence angles. Data are from animal A.

Article Snippet: Small disconjugate vertical ( ) and conjugate horizontal responses ( , right) were also present during roll ( Seidman et al., 1995 ; Angelaki and Hess, 1996b ; Angelaki et al., 1999 ; Bergamin and Straumann, 2001 ; Jauregui-Renaud et al., 2001 ; Kori et al., 2001 ).

Techniques:

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Resolution of Sensory Ambiguities for Gaze Stabilization Requires a Second Neural Integrator

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-28-09265.2003

Figure Lengend Snippet: Quantification of viewing distance sensitivity. A, Horizontal velocity 300 msec after stimulus onset plotted as a function of vergence angle for each of the translation only, translation + roll tilt, translation - roll tilt, and roll tilt only stimuli (solid circles, open triangles, open squares, and gray diamonds, respectively). Solid lines are linear regressions. Data are from animal A during rightward (top) and leftward (bottom) translation. B, Comparison of the dependence of horizontal eye velocity on instantaneous vergence angle during translation only and translation - roll tilt motions (open and solid symbols, respectively) at different times after stimulus onset. Data shown are means for both eyes and both directions of translation for animals A (circles), B (triangles), and C (squares). Error bars represent SDs.

Article Snippet: Small disconjugate vertical ( ) and conjugate horizontal responses ( , right) were also present during roll ( Seidman et al., 1995 ; Angelaki and Hess, 1996b ; Angelaki et al., 1999 ; Bergamin and Straumann, 2001 ; Jauregui-Renaud et al., 2001 ; Kori et al., 2001 ).

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Resolution of Sensory Ambiguities for Gaze Stabilization Requires a Second Neural Integrator

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-28-09265.2003

Figure Lengend Snippet: Predictions of the model in Figure 6A during upright yaw rotation. A, Predicted gain (Ėhor/Ḣyaw) and phase of the horizontal RVOR plotted as a function of frequency. B, Simulated responses to constant velocity rotation. Without the contribution of the output from NI1 (i.e., if d = 0), the dynamics of the RVOR at low frequencies reflect those of semicircular canal afferents (A, B, dashed lines). When the pathway via NI1 is intact (i.e., when d = 1; A, B, solid lines), an extended low-frequency RVOR bandwidth is predicted (A) as illustrated in a lengthened decay of simulated per- and post-rotatory responses to constant velocity rotation (B) (Raphan et al., 1977, 1979). Dotted lines in B illustrate the head velocity input to the model, Ḣyaw.

Article Snippet: Small disconjugate vertical ( ) and conjugate horizontal responses ( , right) were also present during roll ( Seidman et al., 1995 ; Angelaki and Hess, 1996b ; Angelaki et al., 1999 ; Bergamin and Straumann, 2001 ; Jauregui-Renaud et al., 2001 ; Kori et al., 2001 ).

Techniques: